Definition of the Term LD50

Definition: The median lethal dose of a substance, or the amount required to kill 50% of a given test population. LD50 is a measurement used in toxicology studies to determine the potential impact of toxic substances on different types of organisms. It provides an objective measure to compare and rank the toxicity of substances. The LD50 measurement is usually expressed as the amount of toxin per kilogram or pound of body weight. When comparing LD50 values, a lower value is regarded as more toxic, as it means a smaller amount of the toxin is required to cause death. The LD50 test involves exposing a population of test animals, typically mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, or even larger animals such as dogs, to the toxin in question. The toxins might be introduced orally, through injection, or inhaled. Because this testing kills a large sample of the animals, it is now being phased out in the United States and some other countries in favor of newer, less lethal methods. Pesticide studies involve LD50 testing, usually on rats or mice and on dogs. Insect and spider venoms can also be compared using LD50 measurements, to determine which venoms are the most deadly to a given population of organisms. Â   Examples: LD50 values of insect venom for mice: Honey bee, Apis mellifera - LD50 2.8 mg per kg of body weightYellowjacket, Vespula squamosa - LD50 3.5 mg per kg of body weight Reference: W.L. Meyer. 1996. Most Toxic Insect Venom. Chapter 23 in University of Florida Book of Insect Records, 2001. http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/walker/ufbir/.

Sigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis Essay - 1691 Words

Freud’s theological perspective was termed Psychoanalysis. Freud believed people unconsciously repressed information, and that this hidden information was the cause of their distress. The unconscious is the space in your brain where thoughts, feelings, and desires are tucked away, and cannot be readily drawn upon and available to the conscious mind. Because 99% of this methodology is dealing with the unconscious, Freud believed that success could not be reached by the individual alone, rather they need someone trained in the ways of Psychoanalysis to help them. In contrast, the conscious mind is all of the things we are thinking and feeling now; it is information that is easily accessible to us. There is also this idea of a preconscious, where while we are not currently thinking of that information, if we want it, it is there and can be pulled up when we are ready to attend to it. Psychotherapy was often a many year process where various methods and theories within his theory of Psychoanalysis were considered and practiced. One of these theories is that of psychosexual development. Psychosexual Development As one grows and develops it is often times clear they pass through difference stages of development; for Freud, his focus was psychosexual development. This term refers to how sexual energy, libido, is found and focused on different parts of the body throughout development. There are five of these Freudian psychosexual stages, including oral, anal, phallic, latency, andShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis2367 Words   |  10 Pages Sigmund Freud created psychoanalysis, a system through which an expert unloads oblivious clashes in light of the free affiliations, dreams and dreams of the patient. Psychoanalytic hypothesis is a strategy for exploring and treating identity issue and is utilized as a part of psychotherapy. Included in this hypothesis is the way to go that things that happen to individuals amid adolescence can add to the way they later capacity as grown-ups (Gay, 1998). Freud s psychodynamic methodology has promptedRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1339 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud Biographic Description of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (currently known as Czech Republic). Freud is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which entails a scientific analysis of unpacking unconscious conflicts based on free associations, fantasies, and dreams of the patient. He was among the greatest psychologists of the 20th century, and his legacy lasts up to now. While young (4 years old), his family relocated to Vienna where he lived andRead MoreSigmund Freud s Psychoanalysis Theory2380 Words   |  10 Pages Contemporaries of Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Theory Kevin Stout Florida Institute of Technology Abstract Sigmund Freud created psychoanalysis, a system through which an expert unloads oblivious clashes in light of the free affiliations, dreams and dreams of the patient. Psychoanalytic hypothesis is a strategy for exploring and treating identity issue and is utilized as a part of psychotherapy. Included in this hypothesis is the way to go that things that happenRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1413 Words   |  6 PagesEver since Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis theory, its applicability has been extended beyond therapy to literature. In the interpretation of dreams, Sigmund Freud coins the term the oedipus complex in reference to the greek mythology of Oedipus the king. The application of psychoanalysis to myth is treated by Dowden with scepticism and he states that the only significance of the psychoanalytic approach is in its recognition of how fundamental the images that recur in the myth are (DowdenRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1258 Words   |  6 Pages Sigmund Freud’s grand theory of Psychoanalysis was developed in the 19th century. He especially worked to prove that childhood events had a great and powerful impact on the teenage and adult mind in later years to come. Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 and died in 1939. He had a great desire to find treatment for psychopathology that all began with a great deal of time spent at Theodor Meynert’s Psychiatric Clinic. His time spent here was what created his desire to help people and find new ways toRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theories About Psychoanalysis And The Unconscious Mind1003 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology, 5th Block Sigmund Freud s Theories about Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious Mind Sigmund Freud was well known for his theories on psychoanalysis, and it was used to help understand the unconscious mind better. In Freud s lifetime, he grew to be a very influential person of the twentieth century. The western society still uses words that he introduced in his time, some are libido, repression, denial, and neurotic. He was the founding father of the theory of psychoanalysis, which explains humanRead MoreThe Power Of Sigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe power of Sigmund Freud’s theory Sigmund Freud was a great philosopher who predicted and came up with theories that are widely used in todays society. He is often referred to the father of psychoanalysis as he was one of the first people to analyze the human mind. He separated the human mind into three parts which help further explain the theory of psychoanalysis. The first part is known as the id, it is the part of the mind that deals with instincts. It is the unconscious part of the mindRead MoreHistorical Background Of Sigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis774 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical Background Sigmund Freud dedicated the majority of his time on this earth to mainly covering his theory of psychoanalysis. He did not however have a lot of patience from contemporaries who diverged from his psychoanalytic principles. He attempted to keep control over the movement by expelling those who dared to disagree. Carl Jung and Alfred Alder, for example, worked closely with Freud, but each founded his own therapeutic school after repeated disagreements with Freud on theoretical andRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychoanalysis On The Unconscious Phases Of Personality Development1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of Psychoanalysis In the early 1800s, Psychologist and researchers were fervent in postulating and hypothesizing. Searching earnestly for answers to the many questions that were prevalent in those days. The theory of Psychoanalysis was one of such theory that was founded. Psychoanalysis emphases on the unconscious phases of personality development. The main tenets of this theory are characterized into four subsections. Firstly, it states that early childhood experiences are important inRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1283 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud (1856-1939), is a pioneer in the field of psychology in various ways. His dedication to his field helped shape the minds of many nineteen-century contemporary schools of thought. Most notably, Freud’s work in psychoanalytic theory, according to Tan (2011) earned him the title of, â€Å"father of psychoanalysis† (p. 322). Moreover, Tan Taykeyesu (2011) report that Freud’s genius is not just in psychoanalysis, but also when we â€Å"think Oedipus complex, infantile sexuality, and repression†

Preventive Stress Management in Organizations †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Preventive Stress Management in Organizations. Answer: Introduction Team work vs. individualism is a concept that has been in work contention over a long period of time. The concept of individualism is a political, psychological and ethical concept that delves deeper into a human or workers character traits. From the psychological and the ethical point of view, individualism gives a human being the make decisions independently while following his own independent and free thinking. It is strongly linked to individual rights supremacy in political spheres (Biech, 2008). Personal success is greatly highlighted by companies that push for individualism rather than teamwork or collective success. It requires high levels of individual responsibility and following of personal initiatives. A closer in the operations of Australias largest company that is BHP Billiton in leadership and management as teamwork which has led to the success of the company. In BHP Billiton organization, it is important that employees work as a team. Every employee must contribute hi s bit to make team work the best results. When working in a team effectively, synergy appears, that is, the union of energies. This causes the efforts made by the members to be strengthened, reducing the time of action and increasing the efficiency in the results (Dalton, Hoyle and Watts, 2006). Teamwork and its many advantages Today, when conducting a job interview, this competition (teamwork) is one of the most highly rated by recruiters in staff selection processes, as it brings many benefits to the company. Here are some benefits of teamwork: Individual work increases the workload and responsibilities and this can lead to increased stress. Since teamwork allows both tasks and responsibilities to be shared, stress decreases. Since teamwork allows individuals to focus on what they do best, they do not have to worry about jobs or tasks they do not master. This helps to produce better quality work, since it increases productivity. Each individual focuses on their specialty, and collaboration allows each to maximize their potential in the dominating task. Before achieving results, teamwork needs a period in which interpersonal relationships are established. Groups that go forward increase efficiency and productivity (DuBrin, 2009). If a company wants teamwork to bring the benefits mentioned above, it is necessary for employees to work as a whole. For good teamwork, you should: Build trust Set common goals Create sense of belonging Involve people in decision-making Seek understanding between parties Encourage communication Seize diversity Celebrate group successes Promote mutual commitment and shared responsibility If BHP Billiton has talents in different facets and you put them to work each one separately, you will not be able to create the necessary synergies. Therefore, give the team strength a chance over individualism and you will notice how the dynamics improves It is true that the working groups in the organizations bring positive results, but in order for them to function correctly, and achieve the objectives satisfactorily, they need some kind of organization, but there is a risk that some of the disadvantages of group work will be fulfilled (Miller, 2007). This is where the dynamics of teamwork come into play, because if we manage to find the right ones, we will achieve all this advantages when working as a team: Better ideas and decisions that lead to higher quality results, as there are more minds working on it and supervising the work at the same time.It encourages collaboration and increases trust and solidarity among colleagues, resulting in greater happiness at work. Multifunctional skills are growing. Communication is extended, leading to better understanding and better management of equipment. Examples of Teamwork versus Individual The working environment also benefits because the individual objectives are surpassed by the groups. A good working team with the right dynamics will be able to put the interests of the group above the personal ones.The acceptance of ideas and decisions will be better with group work than if they come from a single person, since it no longer sounds to impositions but to proposals and they lead to a mutual consensus. In BHP Billiton, departmental heads are leaders while the casuals and the engineers work under them to produce quality products. Individual trust is greater thanks to the support of the group, as it creates a climate of security with shared responsibilities that allows more confidence in one's own possibilities, while individual weaknesses are more compensated. Authority and autonomy can be delegated, while in individual work no. Increases the speed of work, since the processes of corrections and control are reduced more than in a vertical organization In the abstract, t here is no ideal team. Taking a number of people, all of them exceptional professionals and putting them to work together does not guarantee that you will be an exceptional team (Quick, Wright and Adkins, 2015). This is because it is the most efficient way, and because the first swords, the exceptional people, are bright stars, they must shine alone and not within a constellation. Each company has some goals to achieve, these vary from company to company, even within a single structure the goals change at every moment. The ideal team, for a given company at a given time, is the one that is the most adequate to achieve its objectives in the most efficient way, within the environment in which it is. It is even presumed to work as a team as if it were a personal virtue and the panacea to solve all problems (Salas, 2013). In our experience, not everything that qualifies as teamwork is actually. In fact, teamwork is not given when many people work in the same and compete with each other; They avoid the responsibilities that they must assume, passing the affairs of one to another; They defend enclosed stumps; When a homogeneity in people is forced to "adapt" to the leader. There are things that must be done alone, for example: think, decide, take responsibility, some activities that require a special concentration, review of own actions, leadership. However, the complexity of many tasks and issues imply that they are unreachable by a single person, and need to be done for more (Salas, 2013). Teamwork is neither more nor less than the individual work that collaborates towards a common end. It is an attitude of service towards a spirit of the hive: a super organizational end. All members of the team voluntarily decide to subordinate part of their freedom (and particular interests) to a maximum goal: to tr uly work as a team. That is, teamwork becomes an end in itself, because the members of the team are convinced that it is the best way to achieve the end of the project. Conclusion This is always done in a conscious respect for the dignity of individuals and particular interests. Value added, wealth comes from the diversity of what each is and brings.All papers in principle have the same value. The leader is not the most important: he is simply the leader. Applying to the world of work, this principle came to a conception of human nature that can be summarized as "that men feel disgust for work by the effort and responsibility it entails (Simpson, 2017).If they work, it is to obtain a salary (economic incentives) that allow them to satisfy certain needs in the margin of work. As they are passive and lack interest in their work, men must be directed and require strict control of their behavior. Therefore, it is an economic motivation that pushes men to work. References Biech, E. (2008). The Pfeiffer Book of Successful Team-Building Tools. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Dalton, M., Hoyle, D. and Watts, M. (2006). Human relations. Mason, Ohio: Thomson South-Western. Drucker, P. (1998). Managing in a time of great change. New York: Truman Talley Books/Plume. DuBrin, A. (2009). Political behavior in organizations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Heller, A. (2009). Dresden teamwork concept for medical high risk organizations. New York: Nova Science. Miller, B. (2007). More quick team-building activities for busy managers. New York: AMACOM/American Management Association. Parker, G. (2003). Cross-functional teams. San Francisco (CA): Jossey-Bass. Quick, J., Wright, T. and Adkins, J. (2015). Preventive Stress Management in Organizations. Washington: American Psychological Association. Salas, E. (2013). Developing and enhancing teamwork in organizations. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass. Simpson, A. (2017). The Innovation-Friendly Organization. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Steps free essay sample

Fourteen people climbing 4,000 feet. One step after another. Four hours and still hiking. Another step, another breath. Amidst the dizziness and the heat, I can barely make out the top of Table Rock. It seems as if we are only getting farther away. In front, three young cousins sprint ahead, laughing, skipping. Yet, here I am, at the end of the line, trudging up ever so slowly. With another step, my mind rewinds to the previous year. I am looking at a test with red marks splattered across it: my first failing grade. I glance around and see others smiling as they tuck their papers away. I had studied. Studied hard. The bell rings and students begin to file out of the classroom. Should I go talk to the teacher? I can’t. I had never talked to a teacher about a failing grade. I was a good student, a smart kid. We will write a custom essay sample on Steps or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I clutch my paper as I step slowly toward the desk. Another step. Sweat is beginning to drip. Take a drink. I squint and see our destination. I can still cover the whole rock with my thumb. I keep trudging. I’m sitting in the car, refusing to come out. My mom is gently motioning from outside to open the door. I glance in the mirror above the windshield. My face is a swollen, blistered, oozing mess. I quickly shut my eyes and turn away. My team is already warming up, getting ready for the big championship game. One case of poison ivy, no matter how severe, doesn’t justify missing it. I take a deep breath, clench the door handle and step into the light. Step, breathe, step. Almost there. Maybe another hour left. I am on stage: a dance recital. The bright lights shine on us, highlighting our every move. The music flows and we flow with it. Suddenly we freeze. The next step? We turn to each other, panic rising in our chests. The next step? No more steps to the top. Time to climb. I reach out and grip the rocks. My muscles contract as a stream of sweat trickles down my hairline. I have had no tragic, heart-rending circumstance, no life-threatening obstacle to overcome. To the world, my obstacles may seem insignificant, yet to me they are mountains. Mountains, large and small, which I have conquered. Mountains stand in the background of where I have been. Mountains remind me where I am going. I clutch the rocks and pull myself to the top. I catch my breath and gaze across the valley. The clouds are almost at my reach and I can see the world.