Resource Based View Strategy Formulation

Re cite Based View Strategy FormulationResource-based view (RBV) is a tool to determine strategic resources and how it necessitates the exploit of the quick based solely on reviewing its inbred environment while the immaterial environment remains fixed. Firms using RBV competes in toll of their resources and capabilities. The aim of this paper is to instruct the factors that influence firms performance. The RBV emphasizes on the firms resources as the essential elements of agonistical advantage and performance. It assumes two assumptions in examining sources of agonistical advantage which argon that the firms are heterogeneous in terms of the resources they control and that resource heterogeneity sub bodily structure continue over a period as the resources use to implement their strategies are not easily man-portable across firms (Bridoux, F, n.d)..The RBV method of analyzing firms performance is rivet that other vital factors tend to be disregarded. Resources are not valuable of themselves instead they are valuable because they give up firms to perform activities that in return create advantages for them. The competitive value of resources sack be enhanced or eliminated by changes in technology, competitor behavior, or buyer needs which an inward focus on resources entrust overlook (Sheehan, N Foss, N, 2007). Resource uniqueness is essential as this distinguishableiates between the firms. However, resource uniqueness is not sufficient to achieve sustainable competitive advantage and thus the resources must also be valuable, rare, amiss imitable and non-substitutable. RBV suggests that business processes that exploit valuable but everyday resources behind only be a source of competitive e gauge business processes that exploit valuable and rare resources can be a source of temporary competitive advantage and business processes that exploit valuable, rare, and costly-to-imitate resources can be a source of sustained competitive advantage (B ridoux, F, n.d).The merits and demerits of RBV as the best system routeOne of the important offices of RBV is the ability of it to measure and identify the internal environment of the firm. The importance of using RBV as a strategy route is to be able to work the inside-out approach. This means that companies using RBV focus on their internal strengths to a greater extent as it is the root of their competitiveness. Furthermore, RBV recommends that effective management of operations can create uniqueness in the firms resources. Louis Vuitton is one firm in a competitive industry which has the edge over their competitors because of their product uniqueness. Louis Vuittons expertises are their design skills and manufacturing cogency (R. Duane Ireland, Robert E. Hoskisson, Michael A. Hitt, 2008). While they may not be able to control the external environment, Louis Vuitton can use the RBV model and analyze their position and work on their strategies. some organizations have been fa ced with dilemmas on how to use their resources strategically. Organizations that fail to efficiently convert their resources and capabilities into business processes cannot expect to recognize the potential competitive advantage of these resources. The RBV has little contribution in terms of predicting firm performance because of its reputation of being tautological (Truijens, O. (n.d) and its focus is too narrow. Also, as a measure which only focuses on the internal environment, the RBV cannot be taken as the best strategy route. Many firms which focus mainly on the internal environment encounter competitive disadvantages to their business. For example, when IBM, a flourishing company achieved its success many of their competitors entered into the foodstuff. IBMs competitors included other big names such(prenominal) as Hewlett Packard (HP), Dell and Compaq (McNeilly, 2000). IBM did not pay close attention to their competitors because they were focused greatly on their internal strengths and not those of their competitors. Some other firms which have experienced failures from the strategies are Marlborough. Marlborough took the price cut strategy too far as they did not consider their competitors possible moves. The CEO of Marlborough started a price war by reducing their prices to attract consumers and gain more market share. However, their competitors also followed in reducing their prices which resulted in Marlborough facing losses. (McNeillly, 2000).RBV is not the only factor which determines performance of the firm. In industries such as the airline industry, other external factors such as timing and marketing are also essential. Entering into the industry requires good timing and this can be influenced by the economic position and consumer choice of quality and lower price. For example, Southwest airlines which are one of the well-known low cost carriers in the United States used the niche market strategy to maintain competitive advantage from its ri vals. They avoided large airports, focused mainly on short flights which are ideal for families and business people, as well as excluded seating requirement and on flight meals to reduce their cost (Anonymous, 2010).Porter also mentions the common strategy of lowering cost, and product differentiation allows firms to access its strengths. Firms achieve superior positions based on being a cost petabyteer or earning price premiums at the activity level (Anonymous, 2010). In the cost leader method of achieving sustainable competitive advantage, the firm would sell its products either at the average price to earn profits or below the average price to gain market share. The broader market usually adopts cost leadership. Wal-Mart is a cost leader. Their strategy was to form a close relationship with their suppliers which allowed them to reduce cost when purchasing in bulk (Walden University, 2010). specialty is another strategy mentioned by Porter. Firms produce products that vary from others and have unique features to compete against their competitors. This uniqueness of the product also allows firms to charge higher prices for their product. However, there are a few different types of differentiation strategies. The few common ones include differentiation based on additional features, packaging, and design and positioning (Scribd, 2011). Louis Vuitton is an example of a firm that applies differentiation through design and positioning.Exploring processes, capabilities and the ability to appropriate rent and Porters industrial analysisPorters framework discusses the role of firms in formulating appropriate competitive strategy to achieve superior economic performance, and competitive approach. Also, the source of profits is not to be found in the firm but rather in the structure of the industry, especially the nature and balance of its competitive forces (Bridoux, F, n.d). However, the assumption of any relationship between firm performance and rent generation ma y be inaccurate. The RBV states that performance consists of rent generation and rent appropriation and we cannot predict firm performance from rent generation only. One such example is IBM. IBM assembled the strategic capabilities that built most(prenominal) of the modem for the personal computer industry. Yet Intel and Microsoft were ultimately able to appropriate a lot more of the related rent (Russell W. Coff, 1999).The factors that allow resources to generate rents should be valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable and non-substitutable. This issue was addressed by identifying the conditions under which a firms resources become valuable by bringing the external environment into the resource-based view. Through nurturing the internal competencies and applying them to an appropriate external environment, a firm can develop a viable strategy. Thus, for a firms resource to become valuable, it must allow the firm to exploit opportunities or drop threats in the firms environment (Russo , M Fouts, P, 1986). Resources as an option or real options refer to resources which are bought in present time and are either used or kept to be used in a later period. For example, land can be bought and used right away or it can be kept for use later. Real options create strategic flexibility for firms and when used effectively they can retain or increase in value. These types of resources are very useful in industries that have high competitiveness and use high technology. The pharmaceutical industry is one industry where there is high competitiveness. Firms such as Johnson Johnson, and Pfizer invest hugely in research and development in order to develop large numbers of drugs which can used to treat different illnesses although most of the time these drugs fail. Due to the uncertain nature of the products, these firms have to focus widely (R. Duane Ireland, Robert E. Hoskisson, Michael A. Hitt, 2008).However, firms resources on their own accord do not contribute to competiti ve advantage. Thus, these resources must be combined to form capabilities which in turn develop into core competencies and are used by firms to create value. Capabilities result from combining resources. Honda uses its capabilities in product design, engineering and manufacturing. Moreover, they place a great deal of emphasis on their workforce. Honda encourages their engineers to dream. This allows their employees to discover new things which add to their knowledge. This knowledge in turn will simplify their daily work. Core competencies are the capabilities which the firm pursuits and performs well. Core competencies have a competitive edge when the firms add value and outperform their competitors. The factors of core competencies which lead to a competitive advantage are valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable and non-substitutable (R. Duane Ireland, Robert E. Hoskisson, Michael A. Hitt 2008).ConclusionIn conclusion, the RBV cannot be accepted as the best strategy route due its nat ure of being narrowly scoped and ignorant of the external environment. This measure does not provide accurate information on the firms performance. However, in a stable industry the RBV can be considered as one of the best strategy route. A firms performance should undertake many other factors which include timing, marketing, and advancement of technology, competitor behavior as well as the needs of consumers. I disagree that RBV is the best route as external factors are also very crucial in determine the performance and rent generation of firms as other external factors must also be considered. Porters external environment analysis focuses on the external factors that affect a firms performance. Dynamic industries focus more on the external environment thus preferring to use Porters theory In order for the RBV method to be more effective and efficient it has to be studied along together with the external environment. That way, firms are aware of their resources and capabilities and can nurture the internal competencies to apply them with appropriate external environment, which will allow the firm to develop practical approaches.

Corporate Social Responsibility of Oil and Gas industry in Nigeria

Corporate Social Responsibility of Oil and Gas industry in NigeriaThe main objective of this literature re meet is to movement answering the research questions comprise in our proposal because it is the focus of this research. In doing that, we shall re see definitions, recapitulate and employs insights to the studies of previous prominent researchers on the topic particularly as it concerns MNOC in Nigeria. The campaign shall mainly consult books, journals and articles amongst others.With the general growth of CSR in many multinational companies, it is hardly surprising that CSR attracted considerable attention in new years. In an attempt to digest CSR, studies have foc utilise on the meaning, drivers and scope of CSR. While some researchers say it should non endure, others utter it should be philanthropic, some said it is to enhance business, and others even think it regulatory compliance. Much of the earlier work emphasized two prominent definitions philanthropy or business enhancement. Ojala (1994) said it has leash major facets complying with the law setting and abiding by moral and ethical standards and philanthropic giving.The first popular/acceptable definition of CSR is by Bowen (1953, p.6) He specify CSR as the obligations of business community to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of our society.Since then, many definitions followed ranging from Carroll (1979), McWilliams and Siegel (2001), Whetten et al (2002), Maignan and Ferrell (2004) and Sriramesh et al. (2009) EUs kelvin paper on CSR defined it as a concept whereby companies integrate fond and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their s winholders on a voluntary basis. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development defines CSR asthe continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economical maturati on while improving the quality of life of its workers. . .as well as the local community and society at large.These definitions are important to this work as they see CSR as voluntary.To CSR advocates it is giving back to the land/people from whom it has taken so much, else poverty, unemployment, lop-sided culture would continue to haunt Companies. Shankar Venkateswaran (2000) said that Islands of prosperity cannot survive in a sea of poverty the sea leave alone ultimately engulf the islands.On the contrary, critics believe that CSR are used to distract public from asking questions posed by MNC operations. To them, CSR is not committed to sustainable development as claimed because activities of MNCs are contrary CSR. Example is Shells CSR led to pioneering in triple bottom line reporting, passive on that point was a scandal of its misreporting of oil reserves in 2004.REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH QUESTIONSPeople view CSR differently, some advocate while others criticize. Peter Drucker (2004) is of the view that CSR should not exist at all. He said corporate sociable office is a dangerous distortion from business principles. If you find an executive who wants to take on societal state, fire him. Fast. Others said that the organizations pay taxes to ensure that society and the environment are not adversely affected by business activities. This leads us to the first research question.What could be the main drivers of Corporate Social Responsibility by multinational companies? Is it to promote corporate image and benefit business or do they have confirmatory responsibilities that add value to the communities they do business in?Motivations to engage in CSR are varies. Some are response to trade forces, sphericization, consumer and civil society pressures, etc. Some see it as a higher incentive to protect brands and investments (NEEDS).CSR drivers will be reviewed in three categories economic, institutional and complaisant driversEconomic DriversThere has been a lot of literature supporting that CSR is to enhance business.This proposition was clearly supported by Milton Friedman (1970). To him, a corporations purpose is to increase returns to its shareholders and not to society as a whole. He saidWhen I hear businessmen speak eloquently about the social responsibilities of business in a free-enterprise system, I am reminded of the wonderful line about the Frenchman who discovered at the age of 70 that he had been speaking prose all his life. The businessmen believe that they are defending free enterprise when they declaim that business is not concerned merely with profit but also with promoting desirable social ends that business has a social conscience and takes seriously its responsibilities for providing employment, eliminating discrimination, avoiding pollution and whatever else may be the catchwords of the contemporary crop of reformers.In the same vein, McKibben Bill (2006) suggests that corporations which exist solely to maximize profits are unable to advance the interests of society as a whole. Also, Lord Justices Pill, May and Keane (1997) in proving that McDonalds business contradicts its social responsibility principles ruled that eating enough McDonalds food may make ones diet high in fat therefore increase the risk heart disorder in McDonaldHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonalds_Restaurants_v_Morris__SteelHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonalds_Restaurants_v_Morris__Steels Restaurants v Steel HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonalds_Restaurants_v_Morris__SteelHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonalds_Restaurants_v_Morris__Steel Morris. For Johnson (1971p.54 cited in Vrabic, 2010) Social responsibility states that business canalize out social programs to add profits to their organizations. He perceives CSR as semipermanent profit maximization not just activity to demonstrate ethical standards. Orlitzky, Schmidt, and Rynes (2004) in their study found a correlation betwee n social/environmental performance and financial performance.Kurucz (2008, p.86), in his study identified four general types of business cases to support that CSR enhances business cost and risk reduction, profit maximization and competitive advantage, reputation and legitimacy, and synergistic value creation.Cost and risk ReductionFirm engage in CSR to reduce costs and risks to the firm, since stakeholders demands can present a potentiality threat to corporate financial goals (Kurucz, 2008, p. 88).Competitive AdvantageCSR can be used to gain competitive advantage over industry rivals (Kurucz, 2008, p. 89). It is also used as a lobbying strategy for tighter regulations that leads to higher market values especially in oil companies with heavy polluting activities. (Porter 1991, cited in Vrabic, 2010)Reputation and LegitimacyCSR is made for strategic reasons and are designed to extend legitimacy and enhance corporate reputation, to maintain its legitimacy, repair or defend its lost or threatened legitimacy (Kurucz, 2008, p. 91). Miles and Covin (2000 cited in Vrabic, 2010) opined that environmental stewardship creates reputational advantage that enhances marketing and financial performance. To Br suffer and Dacin (1997), disallow social reputation can have detrimental effect on product evaluations and positive social reputation can enhance product evaluations. This could be seen from the boycott of Shell gas station by European consumers due to Shells attempt to cast off Brent Spar oil platform in the Atlantic Ocean and the consequent 50% decline sales (Neuger, 1995 cited in Vrabic, 2010).Synergistic Value mental homeApproaches advocating synergistic value creation are focused seeking opportunities to reveal, relate, and synthesize the interests of diverse set of stakeholders.Some studies, however, have taken a different approach. Lerner and Fryxell, (1988 cited in Vrabic, 2010)) contest that firms incur unnecessary costs that does not add value and reduce profitability by increasing social performance.InstitutionalMuch as there may be economic drivers of CSR, to serve long term national interests, Governments have a strong interest in promoting CSR initiatives mostly finished regulation to complement their environmental and social programs (Mazurkiewicz, 2004a). Prominent CSR researchers consider regulation as a natural adjunct to improving the social performance of business, depending on(p) only on the correct design of market incentives (Porter and van der Linde 2000, p. 156, cited in Vrabic, 2010). In Europe, many countries have introduced legislation to mandate environmental reporting for corporations (Haigh and Jones, 2006). Also, Inter-governmental organizations analogous EU, UN and OECD promote CSR through various policies that encourage companies to voluntarily engage in to a greater extent sustainable and socially responsible conduct of business.In the oil sector, (Frynas, 2009, p.50 52) argue that decisions are becomin g politicized especially with joint venture agreements. With joint venture, Government throws shares, oil, grants licenses, provides regulatory framework, and defines respective rights and responsibilities of investors.Social FactorsMoon and Vogel, (2008, cited in Vrabic, 2010) argue that in the global market, MNCs often appeared to be as powerful as states, yet unaccountable as Governments and external institutions most times create regulatory vacuum to confine their actions. This vacuum the NGOs normally fill by questioning MNCs actions (Held and McGrew, 2002, cited in Vrabic, 2010). NGOs demand that companies follow the conventions and agreements signed within UN, respect basic environmental regulations pick out by western governments or regional organizations (Bandell, 2004).The second question isWhy are there proliferations of youth militancy and movement, protests, invasion of oil facilities and abduction of oil workers, intense conflict and conflicts against the MNOCs in the Niger Delta disrespect the CSR?The problems between the oil companies and host communities are best described by Watts, (2004198) as the story of development and counter development running(a) with and against one another in complex and contradictory ways. The crises and hostility according to Eweje (2007) arise sometimes because aboriginals flavour they dont get enough social and economic basiss/ aid from the MNOCs.The CSR seem to escalate the crisis. This is because either by omission or commission, CSR activities and processes impact negatively on local communities, often outweighing the positive benefits CSR brings (Watts, 2004). Christian Aid (2004) says that despite Shells claims about veracity, integrity and respect for people, the oil company has failed to bring about change in the delta. It also confirmed that some of the acclaimed schools, hospitals and other social amenities have been abandoned or did not meet the needs of the communities they were meant to supp ort. It found evidence that Shells clean-up of oil spills and repair of short letters in Nigeria is scandalously inadequate and would never be tolerated in Europe and North America. This failure of CSR added to the bad feeling between the local community and Shell (Andrew Pendleton Christian aid report).Sometimes oil companies carry propaganda by way of CSR. Example is the CSR that followed Ogoni crisis to redeem Shells image especially with several publications and propogandas.58Oil companies sometimes connive with the state to be violent, using private guarantor and state agents who are often overactive in their tasks of protecting oil installations and workers. This leads to harassment, intimidation and suppression of environmental development and rights activities. Sometimes crises arise because of oil spills. Nembe indigene 3 (cited in Tuodolo 2007) saidOil activities cause serious environmental problem. Oil spills discharge of drilling and production waste and gas flaring. T he negative impact of these on the peoples health and livelihood is enormous All of us in this community are fishermen there is always spillage have washed-up our marine life and our occupation.To show Shells negligence and non-sustainability, it spilled 14,000 tons of oil into the Niger Delta in 2009 while that of 2008 is between 2,200-8,000 and a daily flaring of about 604 gazillion per day (SPDC, 2009).On their part, Shell CEO Peter Voser(2010, reported in Guardian newspapers) said thatNigeria, especially the Niger Delta, remains a very challenging manoeuvre in which to operate. Security issues and sabotage are constant threats to our people, assets and the environment.Even when the crises arise, oil companies respond when and how they like. They sometimes pay compensation and initiate community projects, but do not enhance their social responsibility credentials (Omotala 2010). He saidOne, the oil companies are known for paying compensations that are far lower than interna tional minimum standards. They are also reputed for the avoidance of payments of compensation on frivolous grounds such as attributing oil spills to sabotage for which they may not be culpable. In some instances, they only pay compensation after protracted court cases that are usually very costly to the host community.Sometimes the development does not worth it even when they are implemented. Idemudia (2009) said CSR developments must protect, preserve and conserve the environments upon which the livelihood of rural inhabitants depends to be meaningful and sustainable. MNOCs are being impeach of living by their words. Example, a community leader asserts that most of these developments are only reflected on their books, not on the ground and even then it is not based on the priorities set by the communities but what suits their public relation image of the company ( Eweje, 2007).All this culminated together causes the rising violence, militancy, protests, invasion of oil facilities, pipeline vandalization and abduction of oil workers in the region which sometimes swings both the oil companies and Government to actions.Eweje (2007) concludes that no matter how laudable the CSR initiatives are if the host communities do not feel that the projects will create a sustainable economic, social and environmental development the conflict and unrest in the Niger Delta will continue.There have been questions of whether CSR differ in developing and developed countries. Amaeshi et al. (2006) in their work asked if there is a Nigerian brand of CSR or is it an imitation of western CSR practices.NEEDS XV argue that socio-culturally enclose and that the socio-cultural characteristics of Nigeria are unique and as such, the practice of CSR would mainly be shaped by the socio-economic conditions in which these firms operate. To NEEDS, CSR in Nigeria would be aimed towards poverty alleviation, health care provision, infrastructure development, education, etc, not necessarily ref lection of popular western standard like consumer protection, fair trade, green marketing, climate change, social responsible investments, etc.Oil spills are more in Nigeria and even where there is, prompt actions are not taken (Christian Aid 2004). Considering this point, Frynas, (2005) said that where government fails to effectively make and enforce environmental regulation, MNOC only voluntarily care to avoid oil spills and may be label it CSR. CSR today looks more of regulatory compliance in developed countries with more effective government.In Nigeria, Shell admitted that its approach to CSR causes community disorder (SPDC, 200528), yet Shell has not changed the practices despites its claims to CSR.While the more popular opinion like (Frynas, Christian Aid) is that there is double standard, sometimes MNOCs act the same way in both developing and developed countries. This can be justified by signing of collaborative agreements with Colombian with the Colombian Defence Ministry to provide $2.2 million on top of the mandatory war tax in 1995 by BP (Muttitt and Marriott, 2002). BP was accused of forming its own army and hiring security people with histories of human rights abuses and even murder (Beder, 2002, cited in Vrabic, 2010). Investigations revealed that BPs security firm, trained the Colombian police in counterinsurgency and password techniques used against local communities, and also provided weapons to the 16th Battalion of the Colombian army, which then conducted a massacre (Gillard, 1999 cited in Vrabic, 2010). There was fierce stakeholder pressure on BP and BP evaluated its social and environmental strategies (Frynas, 2009, p. 22-23). Some years after, a senior BP manager admittedWeve learned from our mistakes. In Colombia we were accused of getting too close to the army and police in order to protect our operations. We listened, approached the Human Rights Watch for advice, and then organized new security arrangements (Rice, 2002, p. 135).Coul d it be safe to say CSR in developing countries are not at its best and if so is overlap, toothless coordination and communication, absence of regulatory framework, partnership with Government/local communities major problems hindering the effective implementation of CSR projects?In Nigeria, Rauscher (1992, cited in Frynas 1998) says that Governments sought to attract foreign investors by permitting ecological dumping, for the sake of economic development. Ite (2004) also argued that the government has continued to renegade on its commitment that it becomes almost impossible for the CSR investments by the oil firms to contribute positively to their host communities.Oil companies blame oil pollution on political instability like sabotage because there is no comprehensive legislation on compensation payments to communities in Nigeria (Frynas 1998). But Walter and Ugelow (1979) in their work said that Nigerias environmental policy is been tolerant to corporate polluters for a long ti me compare to international standard.Frynas argues that there is a contract relationship between state welfare provision and the need for CSR initiatives. To him, greater social and environmental responsibilities should be taken in countries where the government does not have effective mechanisms of regulation and provision of public goods. He cited Nigeria as his example.Patricia Werhane (2007) on her own part cited twistion as a serious problem hindering CSR implementation in developing countries. She saidA big challenge set about multinational corporations is how they should respond to local corruption. Both Shell Oil and Exxon/Mobile sought to carry out drilling operations at sites plagued by corrupt local and national governments. (Patricia Werhane 2007)This is also Watts view when he said What passes as development is usually contracts and bribes-so-called cash payments-with influential traditional elites, orchestrated through ineffective or corrupt community liason officer s (Watts, 2004).CSR ineffective coordination manifests in commercialized conflicts between individuals and groups who always fight over the benefits community funds for development are mismanaged, misappropriated, and steal or shared by community leaders or clique (Watts, 2004). Social disorders like arms possession, increasing illiteracy, criminality, lawlessness and the disintegration of tradition and assimilation now became order of the day.CSR should be considered more as a corporate moral responsibility, and limit the reach of CSR by focusing more on direct impacts of the organization (Patricia Werhane 2007).It is suggested that for CSR to worth its onion, there should be better governmental and international regulation and enforcement, rather than voluntary measures. This is EU approach. For example, Denmark on 16 December 2008, acquireed a bill making it mandatory for the 1100 largest Danish companies, investors and state-owned companies to include information on CSR in th eir annual financial reports. In Nigeria, FEC approved CSR policy on 21st May 2008. Also, Akwa Ibom state enacted oil and gas law stipulating social responsibility of oil companies.To Christian Aid (20042) the only way to instill honesty and integrity into business practice is to strip CSR of its voluntarism and enact laws that spell out minimum social and environmental standards that companies must meet. Jettison corporate social responsibility make it corporate social accountability, because for too long CSR has served as merely a branch of PR and in some cases as the only spurts of development activity by large companies.CONCLUSIONThis work had defined CSR and explored the fundamental drivers of CSR. The observation is that today CSR is a consequence of various factors together interactions of various social groups and NGOs, state institutions and self promoting economic motives.Three main drivers were seen as the main promoters of CSR, and one could conclude that CSR is more of business strategy than social. In the Niger Delta the continued crises could be attributed to the fact that MNOSs do their things in their own way without actually touching indigenes lives. They employ any means to protect their business interest As regards the standard, MNOC adopt different standard for different stroke that is why this work is of the view that there should be laws guiding CSR not just MNOCs doing what they think is suitable to them. This work also found out that there are structural factors, systemic failures, absence of enabling environment hinder positive impact of CSR. Although the popular view from this review is that MNOCs engage in CSR to enhance business therefore there should be CSR regulations, it cannot be ruled out that regulations especially stringent ones and host communities problems will discourage the MNOC who may decide to move their investment to a more friendly business environment. This clearly gives room for more research.

GOOD STUFF :: essays research papers

April 19, 2001--Tennessee State University has renamed the Heiman Street Residential Complex the Harold E. traverse senior and John N. cover Residential Complex. The Ford brothers were joined by other family members for ceremonies help April 18 on the grounds of the complex."It is wonderful to see so galore(postnominal) senators here today we can hold a budget meeting right now," Harold Ford said, as he pointed out dignitaries in the audience. They included deputy Governor John Wilder, Deputy Governor Wendell Moore, Senator Gene Elsea, Senator Doug Henry, Senator James Kyle Jr., and Senator Randy McNally.After receiving commemorative gifts, the Fords surprised the audience with a gift to Tennessee State of $500,000."This is a truly outstanding donation, and the Fords can be sure Tennessee State University will put it to good use," said TSU President James Hefner.There are 12 siblings in the Ford family, most of whom graduated from Tennessee State University. On h and for the presentation were brother Joe Ford sisters Joyce Ford Miller and Ophelia Ford nephews James Ford Jr. and Edmund Ford and Autumn Ford, John Fords daughter. Harold Ford Jr., U.S. Representative, relayed his regrets for not being able to attend, as did Governor Don Sundquist and origin vice president Al Gore."I am proud today," said Lt. Gov. Wilder. "Is it because of the bricks and mortar we are recognizing today? No, though we need bricks and mortar. Is it because of Tennessee State University? No, though that is curtilage to be proud."I am proud because I look back to Purdy, Tennessee, where Otis Floyd former president of Tennessee State University attended school in a one-room schoolhouse. He let me walk by his side. I am proud when I think of Odell Horton United States District Judge for the Western District of Tennessee working in a cotton patch in Hardin County. He let me walk by his side. But nothing makes me prouder than this family. I love you God bless you."U.S. Representative Harold Ford Sr. became the first African American from the state of Tennessee to be elected to Congress and served from 1975 until his retirement in 1997.Senator John N. Ford has served in the Tennessee State Senate since 1974. He has been a key supporter of Tennessee State University throughout his legislative tenure and played a significant role during the development of the $112 million master design for campus improvement.Both Congressman Ford and Senator Ford are alumni of TSU who have continually supported the university throughout their careers.

Thou Shall Not Kill :: essays research papers

) crown punishment is the killing of a killer. The act of keen punishment is defame and useless(prenominal) and I have few reasons why. When a murderer is executed or shot by lethal injection it be almost twice as much as a criminal sitting in jail for 20 years. Another reason this is a rattling bad concept is because gravid punishment encourages murder. Lastly no matter how sick and demented these wretched beasts are, they still dont deserve to be denied their right to live. Capital punishment is not a smart idea for the prisons who put it into effect. The execution of a prisoner too much money, which is unnecessary to spend. If we keep killing only of these felons, well quickly run out of money, simply because of this wasteful act. The money that is going towards the execution and the supplies are coming from your tax money. The more people the government continues to kill, the less money will go towards things we really want and need.The authorities are encouraging murders because of capital punishment. In just about every society world-wide murdering is wrong and should have strict punishment if done. Yet this law is clear to all Americans capital punishment is contradicting it. The government says killing is only justified under certain circumstances, in which some convicted felons fall under. This is sending a message to the public that if its under certain situations killing an individual is perfectly all right.In conclusion, capital punishment is overly expensive, encourages murder, and is simply wrong. This act of murder effects everyone for the worse. It should end, right now.

African American Response to Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe :: Uncle Toms Cabin Essays

African American Response to Uncle tomcats confine M whatever African American 19th Century critics saw Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin as a ray of believe and a means out of oppression. Critics praised the dialogue, the interjected sentimental stories, as well as the characterization. In fact, many considered the novel to be a gift from God. Uncle Toms Cabin was the notwithstanding popularized writing at the time that touched upon slavery as negative. The novel was popular in general but more than importantly to African Americans. However, the solvent to the book was limited considering the scarcity of African American newspapers and writers. Much of the African American population at the time was held put down by slavery, illiteracy, and/or a lack of places to publish. One of the few venues for African American reaction was Frederick Douglass Paper. William G. Allen, a free black teacher, comments on a particular(prenominal) scene of dialogue in Uncle Toms Cab in in his letter to this publication The religious conversation between the slave-tenders . . . is a capital thing . . . . How it tells upon the miserable spittle-licking religionists of the extradite day, who, as Tom reliever has it, are running up a bill all their lives with the d sliminess, calculating to sneak out when pay time comes (Allen). This parole between Tom Stoker, Mr. Marks, and Mr. Haley is close whether the slave trade is a Christian business. Mr Haley says, I blieve in religion, and one of these days, when Ive got matters tight and snug, I calculates to tend to my soul and them ar matters and so whats the use of doin any more wickedness than s relly necessary?--it dont seem to me its t all prudent (Stowe 57). Tom Stoker replies that Mr. Haley is just trying to do evil things all his life with slavery, that to sneak out in the end and go to heaven. William G. Allen, in reference to this scene, commends Stowes comparison and the relationship between Christianity and slavery. Allen also praises the moving story of the Quadroon girl in Volume II, Chapter XXXIV. He writes, The story of the Quadroon girl . . . exceeds anything that I have ever read, in all that is soul-searching and thrilling (Allen). In the story of Cassy, the Quadroon girl, she helps nurse Uncle Tom back to health after having been beaten and tells him that there is no God.African American Response to Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Toms Cabin EssaysAfrican American Response to Uncle Toms Cabin Many African American 19th Century critics saw Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin as a ray of hope and a means out of oppression. Critics praised the dialogue, the interjected sentimental stories, as well as the characterization. In fact, many considered the novel to be a gift from God. Uncle Toms Cabin was the only popularized writing at the time that touched upon slavery as negative. The novel was popular in general but more importantly to African Ameri cans. However, the response to the book was limited considering the scarcity of African American newspapers and writers. Much of the African American population at the time was held down by slavery, illiteracy, and/or a lack of places to publish. One of the few venues for African American reaction was Frederick Douglass Paper. William G. Allen, a free black teacher, comments on a particular scene of dialogue in Uncle Toms Cabin in his letter to this publication The religious conversation between the slave-tenders . . . is a capital thing . . . . How it tells upon the miserable spittle-licking religionists of the present day, who, as Tom Stoker has it, are running up a bill all their lives with the devil, calculating to sneak out when pay time comes (Allen). This discussion between Tom Stoker, Mr. Marks, and Mr. Haley is about whether the slave trade is a Christian business. Mr Haley says, I blieve in religion, and one of these days, when Ive got matters tight and snug, I calculat es to tend to my soul and them ar matters and so whats the use of doin any more wickedness than s relly necessary?--it dont seem to me its t all prudent (Stowe 57). Tom Stoker replies that Mr. Haley is just trying to do evil things all his life with slavery, only to sneak out in the end and go to heaven. William G. Allen, in reference to this scene, commends Stowes comparison and the relationship between Christianity and slavery. Allen also praises the touching story of the Quadroon girl in Volume II, Chapter XXXIV. He writes, The story of the Quadroon girl . . . exceeds anything that I have ever read, in all that is soul-searching and thrilling (Allen). In the story of Cassy, the Quadroon girl, she helps nurse Uncle Tom back to health after having been beaten and tells him that there is no God.

Marvells to His Coy Mistress: The Essence Of Time :: essays research papers

Marvells "To His Coy Mistress" The Essence of TimeThe male species has a very creative mind. The creative mind becomesparticularly active when the sideslip involves the female species. In AndrewMarvells "To His Coy Mistress," the author shows how his creative mind is putto use. Marvell, uses clipping in an attempt to manipulate his coy mistress.     Time is depicted in three different manners. First, Marvell uses "idealtime." In ideal time, he tells how many years he would spend loving her if theywere given the opportunity. He explains to his mistress that if time allowed,he would spend hundreds of years just to admire her physical being. Next, heimplicates "real time," to persuade her to become accessible to him. In realtime, Marvell gives examples of her aging and how she go away go to the grave withher pride if she doesnt give in. Finally, the use of "optimum time" plays onher emotions of how sweet the opportunity to make love to her would be.Marvell tells his mistress that the act would be almost animalistic and intense.Throughout the poem, he uses the phases of time in an attempt to frighten herinto having sex with him.     All three stanzas in the poem represent a different time frame. Thefirst gives his mistress a feeling of unconditional love. He leads her tobelieve he would give all he has to her as hanker as time will permit. Duringthe second stanza, Marvell plays on her fear of getting old. He warns her thather beauty isnt everlasting and that she will end up unhappy solo if shedoesnt give in. Marvells use of optimum time, the best time, shows hisemotions. He appears to become aggravated. This seems to be his ace in thehole. In my opinion, he uses what he believes to be the dearest function to her,

Archetypes in Grendel Essays -- Grendel Essays

Consistent in literature throughout every era and culture, archetypes represent a recurring image, pattern, or motif mirroring a typical human experience. An idea developed by Carl Jung, archetypes in literature exist as representations reflecting vital perceptions of the human heading expressing the manner in which individuals experience the world. Using Jungs concept, writers of all epochs embeds archetypes in structures, characters, and images of their narratives. John Gardner, in his novel Grendel, integrates several of Jungs archetypes into his epic tale derived from the betimes story Beowulf. Gardner associates Jungs personas of the outcast, the shadow, and the mentor-pupil relationship through the identities of Grendel, the narrator of events, and the dragon. The outcast, an identity relating to nearly every humanistic myth or story, represents the tragic creature Grendel. A ogre beast with the intellectual equivalence of a human, Grendel lives nearly half his life before realizin...